<i>2-O-β-D</i>-Glucopyranosyl- <i>L</i>-ascorbic acid, an ascorbic acid derivative isolated from the fruits of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> L., ameliorates high fructose-induced neuroinflammation in mice: involvement of gut microbiota and leaky gut

Western diet (rich in highly refined sugar and fat) can induce a range of metabolic dysfunctions animals humans, including neuroinflammation cognitive function decline. Neuroinflammation impairment, two critical pathological characteristics Alzheimer's disease, have been closely associated with microbial alteration via the gut-brain axis. Thus, present study aimed to investigate influence 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG) isolated from fruits Lycium barbarum on preventing high-fructose (HFrD) induced mice. It was found that AA-2βG prevented HFrD-induced deficits. also predominantly enhanced gut barrier integrity, decreased lipopolysaccharide entry into circulation, which subsequently countered activation glial cells neuroinflammatory response. These beneficial effects were transmissible by horizontal fecal microbiome transplantation, transferring fed mice HFrD Additionally, exerted neuroprotective involving enrichment Lactobacillus Akkermansia, potentially intestinal bacteria. The provided evidence could improve indices cognition neuroinflammmation via modulating dybiosis leaky gut. As potential functional food ingredient, may be applied attenuate Western-style diets.